By
*Jasper Vikas George
Introduction
These lines may have their roots in quite different parts of human culture, in different times or different cultural environments or different religious traditions: hence if they actually meet, that is, if they are at least so much related to each other that a real interaction can take place, then one may hope that new and interesting developments may follow”[1] . The Chinese yin and yang, Tao of Lao Tzu, philosophy of Gita, Buddhism, superman of Friedrich Nietzsche, they all talks of different walks of life including human beings and its made science and its practicalities. In this Article, our attempt would be to tell, that Internet is a separate world consists of its own community of communications. Its geometry is different and the name (Domain name) of these communities is also different. It has its own separate language. These domain names have their own paths and ways. The mysticism of east, which applied to human communities can also, applied on Internet communities too. Moreover, in this article we are going to analyse those laws from the eyes of the spiritual gurus.
Internet
The term Internet is defined as a set of computer networks possibly dissimilar joined together by means of gateways that handle data transfer and the conversion of messages from the sending network to the protocols used by receiving network. The present millennium is witnessing a new culture ‘Internet culture’ which is already changing our way of life significantly. “No people could live without evaluating; but if it wishes to maintain itself it must not evaluate as its neighbour evaluates. Much that seemed good to one people seemed shame and disgrace to another: thus, I found. I found much that was called evil in one place was in another decked with purple honours. One neighbour never understands another: his soul was always amazed at his neighbour’s madness and wickedness.”[2] The use and abuse, the good and bad, all are a part of vocabulary, which attached to every invention of the human beings. But as suggested by Friedrich Nietzsche one must not evaluate by other peoples eye but be evaluated themselves. “Our body is part of the universe. Every thing in the body is part of the universe – every particle, every cell. It is the nearest approach to the universe. Breath is the bridge. If the bridge is broken, you are no more in the body, you are no more in the universe; you move into some unknown dimension. Then you cannot be found in space and time. So, breath is also the bridge between you and space and time.”[3] And now Internet is the extension of our breathing. We cannot think of our life without Internet today. Internet has zipped this earth into a small few GB file. Originally, Internet was confined to military establishments but due to its speed, tractability, interactivity and flexibility, it was used to disseminate information beyond the geographical boundaries. Internet has created a community of communications. The propagation of ideas is now possible in this virtual place. Diverse activities, which at present are possible over Internet, might not have even envisioned by its inventors. The process has not yet ended it is still evolving. This artistic living invention has no parallels available in this world. “ Since the early days of Greek philosophy men have tried to find in art a geometrical law, for if art (which they identify with beauty) is harmony, and harmony is the due observance of proportions, it seems reasonable to assume that these proportions are fixed. The geometrical proportion known as the Golden section has for centuries been regarded as such a key to the mysteries of art, and so universal is its application, not only in art but also in nature, that it has at times been treated with religious veneration. More than one writer in the sixteenth century related its three parts to the Trinity. It is formulated in two propositions of Euclid: Book II, proposition ii (‘To cut a given straight line so that the rectangle contained by the whole and one of the segments is equal to the square in the remaining segment’), and Book VI, proposition 30 (‘To cut a given finite line in extreme and mean ratio’). The usual formula is: to cut a finite line so that the shorter part is to the longer part as the longer part is to the whole. The resulting section is roughly in the proportion of 5 to 8 (or 8 to 13, 13 to 21, and so on), but never exactly so: it is always what is known in mathematics as an irrational, and this has added not a little to its mystical reputation… A German writer, Zeising, tried to prove that the Golden Section is the key to all morphology, both in nature and in art; and Gustav Theodor Fechner, the founder of experimental aesthetics, whose principal works were published in the seventies, made it one of the foremost objects of his research.”[4] The beauty of geometry of this art is that its evolution is infinitely infinite. The repeated use of the word ‘infinite’ shows the boundlessness and immeasurableness of this art i.e., Internet. The double use of the word ‘Infinite’ has made ‘Internet’ multidimensional. Internet is not a dead unit; it is dynamic- a living force. In the words of Lao Tzu, “ The Tao is like the emptiness of a vessel; and in our employment of it we must be on our guard against all fullness. How deep and unfathomable it is, as if it were the Honored Ancestor of all things;(or like the fountain head of all things.)” The mystical reputation of Internet is that no body till now able to define its parameters. Internet has its own universe to explore. It has its own language to talk of. The communication system via Internet is very speedy and it has every possible information available on this earth. All the facets of a business transaction with which we are accustomed in physical environment till today can be now executed over Internet including, online advertising, online ordering, online trading of stock exchange, publishing, banking, investment, auction and professional services. But, the problem is that instead of accepting it (Internet) as a separate community and provides separate language and laws for it we are trying our best to made it a ‘process’ which is simply used by the Human beings through computers. U.S. court held that The Internet provides easy access to anyone who wishes to provide or distribute information to a worldwide audience; it is used by more than 143 million Americans. Indeed, much of the world’s knowledge accumulated over centuries is available to Internet users almost instantly. Approximately 10% of the Americans who use the Internet access it at public libraries. And approximately 95% of all public libraries in the United States provide public access to the Internet.[5] In India, the use of Internet is jumped from 150,000 in March 1998 to 2,365,559 in March 2004. Internet is like an eagle, wide-winged. It lives within computer but belongs to an unimaginable world. It uses computer as temporary abode, not as a goal but only as a means, not as the end but just as the beginning. Its eyes are fixed on the sky, the infinite, the unbounded. For the use of Internet, it is necessary to know how to get the particular information, and for this the use of Domain Names comes into the picture.
Domain Name Controversy
“Chinese and Japanese mystics have found a different way of dealing with the language problem. Instead of making the paradoxical nature of reality palatable through the symbols and images of myth, they prefer very often to accentuate it be using factual language. Thus, Taoists made frequent use of paradoxes in order to expose the inconsistencies arising from verbal communication and to show its limits. They have passed this technique on to Chinese and Japanese Buddhists who have developed it further. It has reached its extreme in Zen Buddhism with the so-called Koans, those nonsensical riddles which are used by many Zen masters to transmit the teachings… In Japan, there exists yet another mode of expressing philosophical views which should be mentioned. It is a special form of extremely concise poetry, which is often used by Zen Masters to point directly at the ‘suchness’ of reality. When a monk asked Fuketsu Ensho, ‘ when speech and silence are both inadmissible, how can one pass without error? The master replied:
I always remember Kiangsu in March –
The cry of the partridge,
The mass of fragrant flowers.”[6]
The cogitation of atoms forced scientists to realize that our plebeian language is not only inaccurate, but also very inadequate to describe the atomic and subatomic reality. Quantum theory and relativity theory, the two cornerstones of modern physics, have made it clear that this reality transcends classical logic and that we cannot talk about it in ordinary language. All scientific models and theories are approximate due to inaccuracy of our language. In the words of Albert Einstein, “As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain, as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality”. The computer scientists are trying hard to find out the simple guide for correlating the mathematical symbols with that of ordinary language so that every lay man able to understand the language of Internet. The problem of language confronted by the Oriental mystic is exactly the same as the problem the modern computer scientist faces. “Eastern mysticism has developed several different ways of dealing with paradoxical aspects of reality. Whereas they are bypassed in Hinduism through the use of mythical language, Buddhism and Taoism tend to emphasize the paradoxes rather than conceal them. The main Taoist scripture, Lao Tzu’s Tao Te Ching, is written in an extremely puzzling, seemingly illogical style. It is full of intriguing contradictions and its compact, powerful, and extremely poetic language is meant go arrest the reader’s mind and throw it off its familiar tracks of logical reasoning… Zen Buddhists have a particular knack for making a virtue out of the inconsistencies arising from verbal communication, and with the koan System they have developed a unique way of transmitting their teachings completely non-verbally. Koans are carefully devised nonsensical riddles, which are meant to make the student of Zen realize the limitations of logic and reasoning in the most dramatic way. The irrational wording and paradoxical content of these riddles makes it impossible to solve them by thinking. They are designed precisely to stop the thought process and thus to make the student ready for the non-verbal experience of reality. The contemporary Zen master Yasutani introduced a western student to one of the most famous koans with the following words: one of the best koans, because the simplest, is Mu. This is its background: a monk came to joshu, a renowned Zen master in china hundreds of years ago, and asked: ‘Has a dog Buddha-nature or not?’ Joshu retorted,’Mu!’ Literally, the expression means ‘no’ or ‘not’, but the significance of Joshu’s answer does not lie in this. Mu is the expression of living, functioning, dynamic Buddha-nature. What you must do is discover the spirit or essence of this Mu, not through intellectual analysis but by search into your innermost being. Then you must demonstrate before me, concretely and vividly, that you understand Mu as living truth, without recourse to conceptions, theories, or abstract explanations. Remember, you can’t understand Mu through ordinary cognition, you must grasp it directly with your whole being.”[7]
Internet has evolved its own language. But this language traveled across the time and space in a very short period. This arises a need for special laws and vocabulary pertaining to ‘Cyber Space’. First comes the need to specify the (computer science) strings of letters used to name organizations and computers and addresses on the Internet. An Internet site can be accessed through its Internet Address. In ACLU v. Reno 929 F Supp 824, 830, 845 (EDP 1996) judge Mokena has explained Internet address system as follows: “Each host computer providing internet service has a unique Internet Address. Users seeking to exchange digital information (e-mail, computer programs, images, music) with a particular Internet Host require the host’s address in order to establish a connection. Host actually possesses two fungible addresses, a numeric IP Address such as 123.456.123.12 and an alphanumeric ‘Domain Name’ such as micrisoft.com with greater mnemonics.”
Every computer on the Internet has unique address just like a telephone number, which is a complicated string of numbers between 0 to 255, known as Internet Protocol Address (IP Address). This number is divided into sets of 4 by full stops and is also known as Uniform Resource Locator. This system has its own problems. It is very hard to remember the series of complicated string of numbers. Therefore, a system of Domain Names was developed known as DNS. The DNS makes using the Internet easier by allowing a familiar string of letters known as domain name. Instead of typing IP Address, the web page can be accessed by typing a domain name. It is a mnemonic device that makes addresses easier to remember.
Types of Domain Names
These Domain Names have different levels, such as:
(a) Generic top Level Domain Names (gTLD). There are only seven main gTLD ending with .com for commercial corporations, .edu for educational institutions, .gov for government entities including royal families, .int for international organizations .mil for military and defense entities, .net for organizations involved in Internet Operations such as Internet service providers & network information centers, .org for miscellaneous organizations not for profit. Internet Corporation has recently announced seven new gTLDs for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) on 16/11/2000. These are:-
.aero, .biz, .coop, .Info, .museum, .name and .pro.
(b) Country Code Top Level Domain Names (ccTLD). These indicate the country of registration. For example .in for India.
(c) For gTLDs: the organizations generally like to register their trademarks or trade names as second level domain names.
(d) For ccTLDs: for ccTLDs second level domain name is provided by the registrar, registering the domain names.
(e) Third level Domain Names (only for ccTLDs): the Third Level Domain Name is chosen by the organization, which wants to register it. It may be a real world trademark or trade name. For example birla.co.in where birla is third level domain name.
For checking, the total Domain Names registered worldwide please consult www.domainstats.com.
Trade Marks In Domain Name
Recently In Satyam Infoway Ltd. Vs. Sifynet Solutions Pvt. Ltd (decided on 06.05.2004) The principal question raised is whether internet domain names are subject to the legal norms applicable to other intellectual properties such as trade marks? The appellant which was incorporated in 1995 registered sifyrealestate.com etc. in June 1999 with the internationally recognised Registrars, viz the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). The word 'Sify’ is a coined word, which the appellant claims to have invented by using elements of its corporate name, Satyam Infoway. The appellant claims a wide reputation and goodwill in the name 'Sify". The respondent started carrying on business of Internet marketing under the domain names, www.siffynet.net and www.siffynet.com from 5th June 2001. The respondent claims to have obtained registration of its two domain names with ICANN on 5th June 2001 and 16th March, 2002 respectively. Coming to know of the use of the word 'Siffy' as part of the respondent's corporate and domain name, the appellant served notice on the respondent to cease and desist from either carrying on business in the name of Siffynet Solutions (P) Ltd. or Siffynet Corporation and to transfer the domain names to the appellant. The respondent refused. The appellant filed a suit in the City Civil Court against the respondent on the basis that the respondent was passing off its business and services by using the appellant's business name and domain name. An application for temporary injunction was also filed. The City Civil Court Judge allowed the application for temporary injunction on the grounds that the appellant was the prior user of the trade name 'Sify', that it had earned good reputation in connection with the internet and computer services under the name 'Sify', that the respondent's domain names were similar to the domain name of the appellant and that confusion would be caused in the mind of the general public by such deceptive similarity. It was also found that the balance of convenience was in favour of granting an injunction in favour of the appellant. The respondent preferred an appeal before the High Court. An interim stay of the City Civil Judge's judgment was granted. The appeal was ultimately allowed by the High Court. This order is the subject matter of challenge in this appeal.
Court held that the domain name not only serves as an address for Internet communication but also identifies the Specific Internet site. The original role of a domain name was no doubt to provide an address for computers on the Internet. But the Internet has developed from a mere means of communication to a mode of carrying on commercial activity. With the increase of commercial activity on the Internet, a domain name is also used as a business identifier. In the commercial field, each domain name owner provides information/services, which are associated with such domain name. Thus, a domain name may pertain to provision of services within the meaning of Section 2(z) of the Trade Marks Act, 1999 "service of any description which is made available to potential users and includes the provision of services in connection with business of any industrial or commercial matters such as banking, communication, education, financing, insurance, chit funds, real estate, transport, storage, material treatment, processing, supply of electrical or other energy, boarding, lodging, entertainment, amusement, construction, repair, conveying of news or information and advertising.". A domain name is easy to remember and use, and is chosen as an instrument of commercial enterprise not only because it facilitates the ability of consumers to navigate the Internet to find websites they are looking for, but also at the same time, serves to identify and distinguish the business itself, or its goods or services, and to specify its corresponding online Internet location. Consequently, a domain name as an address must, of necessity, be peculiar and unique and where a domain name is used in connection with a business, the value of maintaining an exclusive identity becomes critical. "As more and more commercial enterprises trade or advertise their presence on the web, domain names have become more and more valuable and the potential for dispute is high. Whereas a large number of trademarks containing the same name can comfortably co-exist because they are associated with different products, belong to business in different jurisdictions etc, the distinctive nature of the domain name providing global exclusivity is much sought after. The fact that many consumers searching for a particular site are likely, in the first place, to try and guess its domain name has further enhanced this value”.
However, court further held that there is a distinction between a trademark and a domain name, which is not relevant to the nature of the right of an owner in connection with the domain name, but is material to the scope of the protection available to the right. The distinction lies in the manner in which the two operate. A trademark is protected by the laws of a country where such trademark may be registered. Consequently, a trademark may have multiple registrations in many countries throughout the world. On the other hand, since the Internet allows for access without any geographical limitation, a domain name is potentially accessible irrespective of the geographical location of the consumers. The outcome of this potential for universal connectivity is not only that a domain name would require world wide exclusivity but also that national laws might be inadequate to effectively protect a domain name. The lacuna necessitated international regulation of the domain name system (DNS). This international regulation was effected through WIPO and ICANN. India is one of the 171 states of the world, which are members of WIPO. The outcome of consultation between ICANN and WIPO has resulted in the setting up not only of a system of registration of domain names with accredited Registrars but also the evolution of the Uniform Domain Name Disputes Resolution Policy (UDNDR Policy) by ICANN on 24th October 1999.As far as registration is concerned, it is provided on a first come first serve basis. While registration with such Registrars may not have the same consequences as registration under the Trademarks Act, 1999 nevertheless it at least evidences recognised user of a mark. Besides the UDNDR Policy is instructive as to the kind of rights which a domain name owner may have upon registration with ICANN accredited Registrars.
In Rule 2 of the Policy, prior to application for registration of a domain name, the applicant is required to determine whether the domain name for which registration is sought "infringes or violates someone else's rights".
A person may complain before administration-dispute- resolution service providers listed by ICANN under
Rule 4(a) that:
i) a domain name is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark or service mark in which the complainant has rights; and
ii) the domain name owner/registrant has no right or legitimate interest in respect of the domain name; and iii) a domain name has been registered and is being used in bad faith.
Rule 4(b) has listed by way of illustration the following four circumstances as evidence of registration and use of a domain name in bad faith.
(i) circumstances indicating that the domain name owner/registrant has registered or the domain name owner/registrant has acquired the domain name primarily for the purpose of selling, renting or otherwise transferring the domain name registration to the complainant who is the owner of the trademark or service mark or to a competitor of that complainant, for valuable consideration in excess of its documented out-of-pocket costs directly related to the domain name; or
(ii) the domain name owner/registrant has registered the domain name in order to prevent the owner of the trademark or service mark from reflecting the mark in a corresponding domain name, provided that it has engaged in a pattern of such conduct; or
(iii) the domain name owner/registrant has registered the domain name primarily for the purpose of disrupting the business of a competitor; or
(iv) by using the domain name, the domain name owner/ registrant has intentionally attempted to attract, for commercial gain internet users, to its web site or other on- line location, by creating a likelihood of confusion with the complainants mark as to the source, sponsorship, affiliation, or endorsement of the domain name owner/registrant web site or location or of a product or service on its web site or location."
The defenses available to such a complaint have been particularised " but without limitation", in Rule 4 (c) as follows:-
(i) before any notice to the domain name owner/registrant, the use of, or demonstrable preparations to use, the domain name or a name corresponding to the domain name in connection with bona fide offering of goods or services; or
(ii) the domain name owner/registrant (as an individual, business, or other organization) has been commonly known by the domain name, even if it has acquired no trademark or service mark rights; or
(iii) the domain name owner/registrant is making a legitimate non-commercial or fair use of the domain name, without intent for commercial gain to misleadingly divert consumers or to tarnish the trademark or service mark at issue", These rules indicate that the disputes may be broadly categorised as:-
a) disputes between trademark owners and domain name owners and
b) between domain name owners, inter se. What is important for the purposes of the present appeal is the protection given to intellectual property in domain names. A prior registrant can protect its domain name against subsequent registrants. Confusing similarity in domain names may be a ground for complaint and similarity is to be decided on the possibility of deception amongst potential customers. The defenses available to a complaint are also substantially similar to those available to an action for passing off under trademark law.
Rule 4 (k) provides that the proceedings under the UDNDR Policy would not prevent either the domain name owner/registrant or the complainant from submitting the dispute to a court of competent jurisdiction for independent resolution, either before proceeding under ICANN's policy or after such proceeding is concluded. As far as India is concerned, there is no legislation, which explicitly refers to dispute resolution in connection with domain names. But although the operation of the Trade Marks Act, 1999 itself is not extra territorial and may not allow for adequate protection of domain names, this does not mean that domain names are not to be legally protected to the extent possible under the laws relating to passing off.
As we have already said, a passing off action is based on the goodwill that a trader has in his name unlike an action for infringement of a trademark where a trader's right is based on property in the name as such. Therefore, unless goodwill can be established by the appellant by showing that the public associates the name 'Sify' with the services provided by the appellant, it cannot succeed. The appellant's claim to be a leading information technology services company and one of the largest internet services providers in the country has not been seriously disputed by the respondent nor is there any challenge to the appellant's claim that it has more than 5 lac subscribers, 840 Cyber cafes, and 54 points of presence all over India. That it is the first Indian internet company to be listed in 1999 with NASDAQ where it trades under the trade name 'Sify' was given extensive coverage in leading national Newspapers. The appellant has brought on record the stringent conditions and deposit of a large fee for having a trade name included in the NASDAQ International market. The appellant has complied with the conditions for listing. The appellants have claimed that its shares are since 1999 actively traded in on a daily basis on the NASDAQ. It is also claimed that the appellant has widely used the word Sify as a trade name/domain name for its software business and services. The appellant's website www.sify.com is claimed to be a comprehensive Internet site with a gamut of subjects to choose from. It has brought out brochures and issued advertisements offering services in the Internet under the name 'Sify'. It has submitted its sale figures and expenses incurred on advertisement and market promotion of its business under the trade name 'Sify'. It is also claimed that apart from the fact that the appellant is popularly known as Sify, it has also applied for registration of more than 40 trademarks with the prefix Sify under the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act. 1958 (since replaced by the Trade Marks Act, 1999) In support of its claim of goodwill in respect of the name of 'Sify', the appellant had brought on record press clippings of articles/newspapers in which the appellant has been referred to as 'Sify'. For example, a news item published in Hindu on 5th May 2000 talks of "Sify plans of Internet gateways". Another article published in the Business Standard on 11th May 2000 says, "Sify chief sees strong dotcom valuations rising". There are several other publications filed along with the plaint all of which show that the appellant was referred to as 'Sify'. That the listing of the appellant with NASDAQ in 1999 under the trade name 'Sify' was featured on several newspapers has been established by copies of the news items. Documents have also been produced to show that the appellant had been awarded prizes in recognition of achievements under the trade name 'Sify' For example; the Golden Web Award for the year 2000 was awarded to the appellant's corporate site www.sifycorp.com. A number of advertisements in connection with "e-market services from Sify", "Messaging solutions from Sify" have also been filed.
After discussing at length, that whether 'Sify' has earned goodwill or not the court prima facie concludes that the appellant has been able to establish the goodwill and reputation claimed by it in connection with the trade name 'Sify'. Apart from the close visual similarity between 'Sify' and 'Siffy', there is phonetic similarity between the two names. The addition of 'net' to 'Siffy' does not detract from this similarity.
Domain Name: The Extension of Human Body
Now the Domain Names become the extension of human body. All the laws, which ones apply only over the Human body such as Right to Privacy, Right to freedom of expression with its limitations, Defamation Laws etc, are now applied over the Domain Name Regime. Globalization and technological advances have expanded publicity rights and enhanced the commercial value of famous personalities. In a recent ruling given by the WIPO complaint and Arbitration Centre on 2nd June 2000, the claim of Julia Roberts, a famous film star, was accepted by WIPO. She protested when it had come to her knowledge that an American dealer had registered a domain name as Julia Roberts.com. The dealer, Russel Boyd of Princeton said that he had selected that name as “ a tribute to the actress and the Julia Roberts had no trade mark registered in her name.” He even claimed that no common law right could be granted over her name. Mr. Boyd made a statement before the WIPO panel that “ if Julia Roberts had picked up the phone and said “Hi Russ, can we talk about the domain name of Julia Roberts.com. The WIPO tribunal ruled that Boyd had neither rights nor legitimate interest in the domain name and that Boyd had registered it in Bad faith. It ordered the transfer of the domain name to Julia Roberts. Julia Roberts had to justify her claim by proving either of the following elements:
1. That the domain name was identical to her name or,
2. She had a trade mark right over that name, or
3. That the domain owner had no legitimate right over the name, or
4. That the use of domain owner was in bad faith.
The above decision of the WIPO make it clears that performers has right over the domain names if the above conditions fulfilled.
“Ownership denotes the relation between a person and an object forming the subject-matter of ownership.”[8] In the words of Salmond, “Possession of material things is essential to life; human life and human society, as we know them today, would be impossible without the consumption and use of material things. Possession is the most basic relation between man and things. In defending possession, which is vital to human interest, man may use force. In an organized society its legal system will invariably step in to replace violent self-help and private defence by means of institutionalized protection.”[9] And in India to protect ones rights over the Domain name we have an organized web of legislations consists of Information Technology Act, 2000 and Trade Marks Act, 1999. “Law gives protection of possession. In the first place, the possessor is given certain rights, such as a right to continue in possession without interference. This legal right is a primary right or a right in rem; it is protected by sanctioning rights or rights in personam, which allow the possessor civil, and criminal remedies against those who violate his primary right.”[10]
Conclusion
The language of computers is totally different. Hence, the laws are, the cryptography has its own language to learn so is to interpret it. This virtual world required understanding at the international level. The international consensus can possibly provide the solution to the internet related laws.
The Tao of internet is simple. Adopt and expand the horizons beyond ones body and mind. For the sake of conclusion we can conclude by saying that the traditional penal laws are inadequate to serve the purpose of modern TechNet savvy age. Information Technology Act, 2000 which still is at infancy age required a lot in the name of amendment. Right now it is providing a platform to E- commerce only.
The need of the hour is the evolution of different new and evolutionary language of the Internet.
© Copyright reserved with the author
Notes
*Jasper Vikas George, Advocate, Delhi High Court, Res. 69, Antriksha Apartments, H-3, Vikas Puri, New Delhi – 110018, Off. G & G Associates, G-2/2, Ground Floor, Sector – 16, Rohini, New Delhi, Mobile No. 9818821498.,
E – Mail ID –
jaspervikas@yahoo.com g_and_gassociates@yahoo.co.in 1. Werner Heisenberg.
2. Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, p. 84,
Osho, The Book Of Secrets.
3. Herbert Read, The Meaning of Art, p. 25.
4. STATES AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION, CIVIL ACTION INC v. UNITED STATES, et al MULTNOMAH COUNTY PUBLIC CIVIL ACTION LIBRARY, et al. v. UNITED OF AMERICA, et al.: NO. 01-1322
5. Fritjof Capra, The Tao Of Physics, p. 51.
6. Fritjof Capra, The Tao Of Physics, pp. 56-57, quoted from P. Kapleau, Three Pillars Of Zen (Beacon Press, Boston, 1967), pp. 53-54.
7. A.F.Sarkar, Summary of Salmond’s Jurisprudence, p. 96
8. A.F.Sarkar, Summary of Salmond’s Jurisprudence, p. 103.
9. Ibid. p. 106.